King & Wood, P.A.

How to Pass Crypto to Heirs

“Huge amounts of crypto are lost not just from a lack of legacy provision, but when passwords and private keys are mislaid.”

Matthew Mellon was a direct descendent of the founder of the Mellon Bank and inherited $25 million. He invested early in cryptocurrency, against his family’s wishes, as explained in the article “About Loss and Crypto: Never Lose Access, Ensure Loved Ones Inherit it” from Hackernoon. When he died suddenly, his $2 million investment had reached approximately $200 million. However, unlike his own traditional inheritance, his crypto fortune was so well protected that no one was able to access it.

Mellon reportedly kept his digital keys in cold storage, using different names in vaults of various banks across the country. However, he had not shared any access information with anyone. His crypto hoard still exists on the blockchain. However, without access through private keys, it is untransferable.

There are countless cases just like Matthew Mellon. It’s estimated that around 20% of the total supply of Bitcoin—about $90 billion—is currently lost.

The digital environment is still relatively new, and blockchain logic is even newer. Losing access to a digital wallet is alarming, as is losing access to a fortune. The current infrastructure of crypto requires owners to have knowledge of how to access various security tools, from digital wallets to seed phrase to encrypted passwords and then, if they plan on eventually transferring their digital assets, to educate heirs or executors regarding how to access their crypto.

Crypto exchanges offer custodial wallets. However, if the user is not in control of their private keys, or if there is a security breach or the exchange collapses, which does happen, funds can be lost.

Having a bank or estate planning attorney serve as the executor of a will including cryptocurrency requires educating the person who will be in charge of accessing and distributing the asset.

Passwords change frequently and may be tied to a two-factor authentication system, meaning the executor would also need access to the owner’s secondary device, such as a phone or email on the owner’s computer.

According to a 2020 study, less than a quarter of all crypto holders have a plan in place for how their funds will be distributed when they die. Nearly 90% are worried about what will happen to their assets when they die. However, few take the steps to protect their investment.

In such a new developing asset class, valuable wealth will continue to go astray unless planning and education takes place. If you’ve created any assets in cryptocurrency, does someone besides you have the ability to access them? If no, it’s time to plan for the unexpected.

Reference: Hackernoon (Feb. 13, 2023) “About Loss and Crypto: Never Lose Access, Ensure Loved Ones Inherit it”

What Is “Income in Respect of Decedent?”

“When a loved one passes away, it can be an emotional experience. Unfortunately, handling the deceased’s finances can add to this stress.”

One of the tasks required after a person’s death is to pay taxes on their entire estate and often for the last year of their life. Most people know this, but not everyone knows taxes are also due on any income received after a person has died. Known as “Income In Respect Of A Decedent” or “IRD,” this kind of income has its own tax rules and they may be complex, says Yahoo! Finance in a recent article simply titled “Income in Respect of a Decedent (IRD).”

Income in respect of a decedent is any income received after a person has dies but not included in their final tax return. When the executor begins working on a decedent’s personal finances, things could become challenging, especially if the person owned a business, had many bank and investment accounts, or if they were unorganized.

What kinds of funds are considered IRDs?

• Uncollected salary, wages, bonuses, commissions and vacation or sick pay.
• Stock options exercised
• Taxable distributions from retirement accounts
• Distributions from deferred compensation
• Bank account interest
• Dividends and capital gains from investments
• Accounts receivable paid to a small business owned by the decedent (cash basis only)

As a side note, this should serve as a reminder of how important it is to create and update a detailed list of financial accounts, investments and income streams for executors to work with to prevent possible losses.

How is IRD taxed? IRD is income that would have been included in the decedent’s tax returns, if they were still living but wasn’t included in the final tax return. Where the IRD is reported depends upon who receives the income. If it is paid to the estate, it needs to be included on the fiduciary return. However, if IRD is paid directly to a beneficiary, then the beneficiary needs to include it in their own tax return.

If estate taxes are paid on the IRD, tax law does allow for an income tax deduction for estate taxes paid on the income. If the executor or beneficiaries missed the IRD, an estate planning attorney will be able to help amend tax returns to claim it.

Retirement accounts are also impacted by IRD. Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs) must be taken from IRA, 401(k) and similar accounts as owners age. The RMDs for the year a person passes are also included in their estate. The combination of estate taxes and income taxes on taxable retirement accounts can reduce the size of the estate, and therefore, inheritances. Tax law allows for the deduction of estate taxes related to amounts reported as IRD to reduce the impact of this “double taxation.”

Reference: Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 6, 2021) “Income in Respect of a Decedent (IRD)”

Do You Pay Income Tax when You Sell Inherited Property?

“My great-grandfather was a farmer and had about 23 acres when he died. My grandfather passed away before my great-grandfather. The land was put in a trust for my mother and uncles. My mother passed away two years ago.”

From the description above, it’s clear the family had a plan for their land. However, from the question posed in a recent article titled “I inherited land that recently sold. What will I owe in taxes?” from The Washington Post, it’s clear the plan ended with the sale of the property.

For an heir who is expecting to receive a share of the proceeds, as directed in the mother’s last will, the question of taxes is a good one. What value of the land is used to determine the heir’s tax liability?

The good news: when the great grandfather died, the land passed to the mother and her siblings. To keep this example simple, let’s assume the great-grandfather’s estate was well under the federal estate tax limits of his time and there were no federal estate taxes due.

Next, the mother and her siblings inherit the land. When a person inherits an asset, they usually inherit both the asset and the step-up in the value of the asset at the time of the person’s death. If the great-grandfather bought the land for $10,000 and when he died the land was worth $100,000, the mother and her siblings inherited it at that value.

When the uncles sold the land after the death of their sister, the mother, her heirs inherited her interest in the land. If the person asking about taxes is an only child and an only beneficiary, then he should receive his mother’s one-third share of the land or one-third share in the proceeds. With the stepped-up basis rules, the son inherits the land at its value at the time of the mother’s death.

Assuming the land was worth $300,000 at the time of her death, the son’s share of the land would be worth $100,000. That’s his cost or basis in the land. If he sold the land around the time she died or up to a year after her death, receiving his share of $100,000, he would not have any federal income or capital gains to pay.

If the family sold the land for $390,000 recently, the son’s basis in the land is $100,000 and his sales proceeds would be $130,000, or a $30,000 profit. He would be responsible for paying taxes on the $30,000.

If the land was sold within a year of the mother’s death, there would be no tax to pay. However, after one year, any profit is taxed at the capital gains rate.

There will also be state taxes due on the profit and there’s an additional 3.8 percent tax on the sale of investment property. If the son used the home on the land as a primary residence, there would not be an investment property sales tax.

In this kind of situation where there are multiple heirs, it’s best to consult with an estate planning attorney to ensure that the transaction and taxes are handled correctly.

Reference: The Washington Post (July 26, 2021) “I inherited land that recently sold. What will I owe in taxes?”

Claiming Social Security? What You Need to Know Need to Know

“You may be someone who looks forward to the day you retire, or you could be someone who plans on working for as long as possible. No matter which category you fall into, you should do some retirement planning in preparation for this major milestone.”

If you’re eligible for Social Security, those monthly benefits may be a big part of how comfortable your lifestyle is once you retire. However, making the most out of your benefits requires some knowledge and good decision making, as described in this recent article “4 Must-Knows Before Claiming Social Security” from The Motley Fool.

What’s Your Full Retirement Age—Your “FRA”? When you start taking benefits will have a big impact on the amount of your benefits. If you wait until your FRA, you’ll get your standard benefit. Born between 1943—1954? Your FRA is age 66. If you were born after 1967, your FRA is 67. If you were born between 1955 and 1959, you’ll want to check with the Social Security Administration to be 100% certain.

You become eligible to take your Social Security benefits once you turn 62. However, the benefit is reduced for every year that you take it early. Another option is to take it as late as age 70. Your benefits will grow for every year you wait. Let’s say your standard benefit would be $2,200. If you take it as early as age 62, it will be $1,650. If you wait to age 70, and it leaps to $2,900. Waiting could make the difference between paying and not paying some bills.

How Long Will You Live? This is the $20 million question. Family longevity and overall health could give you a higher probability of living a long life, but there are no sure answers. If you start taking benefits at age 62 and live to age 75, the total amount in benefits will be $257,400. If you take benefits at age 66, you’ll get $237,600. If you wait until age 70 to claim benefits and live to age 75, you’ll get $174,000.

A longer life means larger numbers. Live to age 80, you will get $365,000 if you start at age 62, $369,000 if you start at age 66, and $348,000 if you start at age 70. Live to age 85, and you will get $455,400 if you start at age 62, $501,600 by starting at age 66, and $522,000 if you wait until age 70.

How Much Have You Saved for Retirement? Social Security makes up about 40% of retirement income for the average American. If you’ve got a pension, consider yourself lucky. The more income streams, the better. If your expenses during retirement are, let’s say, $40,000 a year, and your income is $20,000, then you’ll need an additional $20,000 to keep your bills paid. Studies on investments and retirement (and there are many of these) report that if you have a traditional 60% stocks and 40% bonds investment portfolio, you risk running out of money in retirement, unless you keep withdrawals at no more than 4% of your total account value. An investment account of $500,000 that yields $20,00 annually—is a start. Most Americans do not have that much in retirement savings.

Will You Need or Want to Work During Retirement? Working during retirement is a necessity for some. for others, it’s a way to get out of the house and socialize. If you have $40,000 in expenses and receive $20,000 from guaranteed income streams, the $10,000 earnings from a part time gig could lower the amount you’d need to pull from retirement savings.

There’s a downside to working during retirement. If you work too much, Social Security will decrease your monthly payments based on your income. If you are considering taking Social Security early while working, make sure to check the numbers, so you aren’t getting hit with penalties.

Reference: The Motley Fool (June 7, 2021) “4 Must-Knows Before Claiming Social Security”

Roth IRA has a 5-Year Rule

“Established in 1997, the Roth individual retirement account has long been a favored option for retirement savings, due to its promise of tax-free withdrawals in retirement.”

Roth IRAs are popular for their flexibility and the simplicity of putting after-tax dollars in and not paying taxes on withdrawals during retirement. However, making the most of a Roth IRA requires paying attention to the details, according to a recent article “What is the Roth IRA 5-Year Rule?” from U.S. News & World Report.

More specifically, there are certain five-year rules that can undo all the good that comes from using a Roth, if you don’t know them. Avoid paying penalties or fees, by understanding how the Roth IRA rules work.

The Roth IRA five-year rule applies to investment earnings, and not to initial contributions. If you make withdrawals of investment earnings before the five-year time period, you’ll get hit with taxes and penalties, no matter how old you are. Many people think that once they turn 65 or 70, they can tap their Roth IRA whenever they want, but that’s not true.

Once you’ve opened and funded a Roth IRA, you’ll have to wait five years until you can start taking tax-free withdrawals of your investment earnings. The clock starts ticking on the date you open the account and make your very first contribution.

After five years, there are still certain requirements that must be met to take out earnings without a penalty. Before you can take out tax-free withdrawals, you will need to be at least 59½ or older.

That’s even if your first contribution was made the year you celebrated your 58^th birthday. You’ll need to wait until age 63 before you may take qualified distributions from the account. The five-year rule applies, even if you opened the Roth IRA at age 70.

How is this time frame calculated? The IRS does it based on tax years. A tax year runs from January 1 to December 31. The deadline for contributions is the same as the deadline for filing taxes. Let’s say you funded a Roth IRA in April 2021 for the calendar year of 2020. The five-year rule begins on January 1, 2020. Apply the five-year rule, and you could begin taking withdrawals from the account on or after January 1, 2025.

What happens if you need to make withdrawals before the account hits that five-year mark? In that case, withdraw contributions to the account and not investment earnings.

If you’ve contributed money to a Roth IRA account, you can take that money out with no tax or penalty, no matter how old you are. However, make sure you meet all of the requirements. Remember that to avoid any taxes or penalties, you’ll need to leave the earnings in the account.

Reference: U.S. News & World Report (March 10, 2021) “What is the Roth IRA 5-Year Rule?”

Estate, Business and Retirement Planning for the Farm Family

Planning is one of the most important aspects of managing any business. This is especially true for farms and agribusinesses, due to their complexity and the inherent uncertainties associated with agriculture.”

The family is at the center of most farms and agricultural businesses. Each family has its own history, values and goals. A good place to start the planning process is to take the time to reflect on the family and the farm history, says Ohio County Journal in the recent article “Whole Farm Planning.”

There are lessons to be learned from all generations, both from their successes and disappointments. The underlying values and goals for the entire family and each individual member need to be articulated. They usually remain unspoken and are evident only in how family members treat each other and make business decisions. Articulating and discussing values and goals makes the planning process far more efficient and effective.

An analysis of the current state of the farm needs to be done to determine the financial, physical and personnel status of the business. Is the farm being managed efficiently? Are there resources not being used? Is the farm profitable and are the employees contributing or creating losses? It is also wise to consider external influences, including environmental, technological, political, and governmental matters.

Five plans are needed. Once the family understands the business from the inside, it’s time to create five plans for the family: business, retirement, estate, transition and investment plans. Note that none of these five stands alone. They must work in harmony to maintain the long-term life of the farm, and one bad plan will impact the others.

Most planning in farms concerns production processes, but more is needed. A comprehensive business plan helps create an action plan for production and operation practices, as well as the financial, marketing, personnel, and risk-management. One method is to conduct a SWOT analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats in each of the areas mentioned in the preceding sentence. Create a realistic picture of the entire farm, where it is going and how to get there.

Retirement planning is a missing ingredient for many farm families. There needs to be a strategy in place for the owners, usually the parents, so they can retire at a reasonable point. This includes determining how much money each family member needs for retirement, and the farm’s obligation to retirees. Retirement age, housing and retirement accounts, if any, need to be considered. The goal is to have the farm run profitably by the next generation, so the parent’s retirement will not adversely impact the farm.

Transition planning looks at how the business can continue for many generations. This planning requires the family to look at its current situation, consider the future and create a plan to transfer the farm to the next generation. This includes not only transferring assets, but also transferring control. Those who are retiring in the future must hand over not just the farm, but their knowledge and experience to the next generation.

Estate planning is determining and putting down on paper how the farm assets, from land and buildings to livestock, equipment and debts owed to or by the farm, will be distributed. The complexity of an agricultural business requires the help of a skilled estate planning attorney who has experience working with farm families. The estate plan must work with the transition plan. Family members who are not involved with the farm also need to be addressed: how will they be treated fairly without putting the farm operation in jeopardy?

Investment planning for farm families usually takes the shape of land, machinery and livestock. Some off-farm investments may be wise, if the families wish to save for future education or retirement needs and achieve investment diversification. These instruments may include stocks, bonds, life insurance or retirement accounts. Farmers need to consider their personal risk tolerance, tax considerations and time horizons for their investments.

Reference: Ohio County Journal (Feb. 11, 2021) “Whole Farm Planning”

Estate Planning Actions to Consider before 2020 Ends

“If you have not already been inundated with invitations to webinars, articles, and newsletters regarding estate planning, you should consider doing so before the end of the year, since you undoubtedly will receive these over the next few months.”

When it comes to estate planning, there’s no such thing as a “one-size-fits-all” solution. That is especially true before a presidential election. However, there are several factors that should be considered and discussed with your estate planning attorney, as recommended in this recent article from The National Law Review “Top Ten Estate Planning Recommendations before the End of 2020.”

The estate, gift, and generational-skipping transfer tax exemption is now $11.58 million per person. It’s scheduled to increase every year by an inflationary indexed amount through 2025 and in 2026 will revert to $5 million. If Biden wins the election, don’t be surprised if changes are made earlier. The IRS has already said that if the exemption is used this year, there will be no claw back. This is a “use it or lose it” scenario. If you are planning on using it, now is the time to do so.

It is possible that Discounts, GRATS, Grantor Trusts, and other estate planning techniques may go away, depending upon who wins the election and control of Congress. Consider taking advantage of commonly used estate planning tools before it is too late.

Married couples who are not ready to gift significant amounts to their children or to put assets into trusts for their children should consider the SLAT–Spousal Lifetime Access Trust. They can create and gift the exemption amount to a SLAT and still maintain access to the assets.

Single individuals who similarly are not ready to make large gifts and give up access to assets may also create and gift an exemption amount to a trust in a jurisdiction based on “domestic asset protection trust” legislation. They can be a beneficiary of such a trust.

Interest rates are at an all-time low, and that is when tools like intra family loans, GRATs and GLATs are at their best.

Moving to Florida, Nevada, Texas, and other low- or no-income tax states has become very popular, especially for people who can work remotely. Be aware that high tax states like New York and California are not going to let your tax revenue leave easily. Check with your estate planning attorney to make sure you’re following the rules in giving up your domicile in a high-income tax state.

Reference: The National Law Review (Oct. 6, 2020) “Top Ten Estate Planning Recommendations before the End of 2020”

Preparing Children for Inheritances in the Future

“By discussing finances with your children early and often, you can set them—and future generations—up for success, when it's time to receive the wealth you've accrued.”

Almost three quarters of the wealthiest people in the world—those whose net worth is higher than $30 million—are self-made, according to a Wealth-X report. Look closer into the world’s wealthiest, and only about a quarter have a combination of inherited and self-made money, while only 8.5% inherited their wealth.

Transferring wealth and having it last more than two generations is very difficult, says an article that offers suggestions: “4 Ways to Prepare Children Now to Oversee their Inheritance Later” from Forbes. A decades-long study of 2,500 families found that 70% of family fortunes disappear by just the second generation. By the third generation, that number leaps to 90%.

Why is wealth retention so difficult? One of the key reasons is a lack of preparation. Parents may devote time and resources to ensure that their estate is organized, but they must also prepare their children to oversee and sustain inherited wealth and give them the skills, values and knowledge needed.

How can parents make sure their family wealth endures? Here are a few steps:

Have an estate plan created. This lets you maximize the inheritance left to heirs, by minimizing taxes and asset distribution costs. When the children are minors, establish guardians in case both parents die early and make a plan to distribute assets over their lifetimes, so they don’t receive a large inheritance all at once.

Give your children a financial education. Children need to be taught how to save, what compound interest can do, how investments work and how money is earned. Let them handle money early and experience the consequences of poor decision making. Better to learn at a young age with small amounts of money, than when they are adults and the stakes are higher.

Let them know what the family’s net worth is and apprise them of any changes. These discussions should be age-appropriate, but financial openness and honesty that starts young eliminates confusion and mixed messages. Give them a small stake in the planning, by allowing them to choose a charity and make a donation to it. Delegating even a small portion of control and letting the child see how it feels to be a steward of wealth is an important lesson.

Encourage children to build their own wealth. Many wealthy parents worry that knowing there is an inheritance in their future will prevent their children from having any ambitions. Grant a limited amount of control over portions of their inheritance at certain ages and teach them about options: investing, saving, donating or spending.

A financial education that starts early and provides time for lessons to be learned, will make children at any economic level better prepared for good decision making throughout their lives.

Reference: Forbes (July 1, 2020) “4 Ways to Prepare Children Now to Oversee their Inheritance Later”